Sunil S

One of the current priorities in the pavement industries includes utilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in the Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA). There are numerous advantages to using reclaimed asphalt pavement, including reduced use of fresh bitumen and natural aggregates, lower costs, and lower emissions into the environment. SMA is well known in improving durability and resistance to cracks and to make use of both the RAP and SMA benefits, RAP can be incorporated in the SMA mixture. In the present work, maximum utilization of RAP is considered in the SMA. To soften the aged binder, Waste Engine Oil (WEO) is utilised as a rejuvenator. The 4% dosage by weight of binder is used in the mixture. The tests were performed to determine volumetric properties, Marshall stability, draindown, Cantabro abrasion test, Tensile Strength ratio (TSR) test. The results show that incorporation of RAP in SMA mixture increases the stability by 0.49% compared to that of conventional SMA mixture. It also indicated positive effect in the moisture susceptibility around 5%. The draindown of SMA contained with RAP mixture gives 0.17% value when compared to the conventional SMA mixture which shows 0.23% draindown. Hence results concluded that it is possible to use the 62% of RAP in the SMA mixture. � 2022

Semi rigid pavement is a composite pavement, in which porous bituminous mix with 20-30% voids are filled with cementious grout. In recent years performance of semi rigid pavement has drawn attention to researchers. The research problem in this project mainly focus on selection of aggregate gradations and mechanical performance of semi rigid pavement mix. The research contents included 3 adopted gradation and acceptable proportions of cementious grout, Strength properties were carried such as compressive, flexural, indirect tensile strength and performance evaluation by rutting and fatigue for 1 and 28 days with different binder content. The investigations showed that selected ASTM gradation with 4.5% bitumen content has better strength properties and fatigue life. The permanent deformation of ASTM gradation shows slight variation compared to New Zealand gradation. The selected gradations mechanical properties and performance characteristics met standards of semi rigid pavement, so suggested that semi rigid pavement can be an alternative pavement. � 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transportation planning plays a critical role in shaping the economic health and quality of life of the general public. A good deal of the demand for transport is concentrated on a few hours of a day, at particular section of urban areas where congestion takes place during specific peak periods. Hence, modelling of this travel demand from the transportation point of view is necessary. There are two basic approaches to this travel demand modelling�traditional four-stage travel demand modelling and activity-based travel demand modelling. According to transport department data of Bangalore city collected in 2012, there are 41.86 lakh of two-wheelers, 11.8 lakh of cars and 5.91 lakh of transport vehicles. The share is 69% of two-wheelers, 22% of LMVs, 5% of HTVs and 4% of other vehicles. From the earlier research, it has been found that the activity-based modelling is more efficient to evaluate the transport policies than traditional four-step modelling particularly for the cities like Bangalore having a large amount of vehicle population. Here, an attempt has been made to develop the activity-based travel demand models for the selected zone of Bangalore city. Bangalore city has been divided into three major areas and further into 47 zones. The data has been collected through individual person survey considering certain parameters which are influential to develop person tours. This collected data is then analysed through SPSS software, and models are developed considering the several parameters such as age, gender, monthly income, distance of travel, daily travel cost and vehicle ownership. Simultaneously, the zonal public transport policies have been studied to understand the norms regarding the transport such as quality of transport, pricing, financing and parking facilities. The results obtained in the form of models are compared with the traditional models and are used to evaluate the public transport policies. Also, the factors influencing the trips of each individual have been studied and the effects of those factors are analysed. The results obtained are found satisfactory in terms of R2 value and other testing parameters. Transport policies are selected, and models are linked to the policies to evaluate them. Study concludes with the effective linking of the models to the policies which will help the authorities to bring it into play. � 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Temperature is an important factor influencing the design and functioning of concrete pavements. The study involves determination of temperature differential in cement concrete slab casted with alternative materials when bituminous overlay is provided. In this study, cement concrete slabs of dimensions of 500 � 500 � 100 mm and 500 � 500 � 200 mm were casted for M40 grade, and an overlay of 40 mm thickness was casted with bituminous concrete (BC), stone matrix asphalt (SMA), open-graded friction course (OGFC) and two-lift concrete having recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) in lower lift and fly ash with upper lift consisting of virgin aggregates. Temperature was measured at different depths, i.e. surface, mid-depth, bottom for above-mentioned categories. Temperature differential was found to be maximum for BC overlay having maximum positive temperature differential of 11.2� and minimum negative temperature differential of 6.1� in corner region for 100-mm concrete overlay. Similarly, the minimum temperature differential was observed for RCA slab having maximum positive temperature differential of 2.1 at corner and minimum negative temperature differential of 4.4 in edge region in 100-mm concrete overlay. However, it was observed that there was no appreciable temperature differential for SMA, OGFC mixes when compared to BC mix at corner, edge and middle regions. � 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

An investigation is planned to know how effects of powdered drywalls and to create a new mix blend proportions for concrete containing crushed and powdered gypsum wallboard and GGBS as partial replacement to cement. Results indicate gypsum wall board in powdered form along with GGBS can serve the criteria of concrete when used as 60% replacement for cement. Reference concrete mixture was compared with sustainable concrete mixtures made by replacing 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% (by weight) of binder. The concrete bends with lesser cement replacement resulted in better mechanical properties compared to the mixes with higher cement replaced mixes. However, the concrete mixes with higher replacements exhibited higher durability compared to the mixes with lesser replacements. However, all the mixes recorded better later age strength after 28 days. Hence, the usage of above wastes in the manufacturing of concrete is recommended to reduce hazardous H2S gas emissions. � 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Queuing areas are the junctions involving vehicles waiting in lines and are characterized by an arrival pattern, a service facility arranged in a particular manner and service time. Since the maximum capacity of roads and service facility (i.e. number of booths in case of tolls) are fixed for certain period (i.e. design period), it is necessary to measure the efficiency of a facility. In case of toll booths on highways/freeways which are attractors of vehicles from different origin presumes the flow to be continuous and the vehicle inter-arrival random, adding to this is variability in demand and service (service time in toll booths), poses a problem in optimizing the service facility. In the present study, an existing toll plaza on a 4-lane divided highway having two-way movement (N�S and S�N) is evaluated based on queuing theory. Parameters like traffic volume, space-mean speed and time headway are expressed in 1 h intervals. The vehicle arrival patterns on both directions are postulated to be Poisson distributed and the observed data were fitted to the Poisson distribution. In case of N�S movement, observed frequency and theoretical frequency are found out to be equal indicating the postulated Poisson distribution to be the true population distribution. The use of chi-square test as an index of the goodness of fit for significance level 5% with 10� of freedom justifies the postulated Poisson distribution can be used for future analysis of vehicle arrivals in the respective direction. Finally, the utilization factor indicates a single booth in N�S direction to be under steady-state condition during the study period. � 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Semi rigid mixture is a unique type of mixture in recent years, which has two components:Open graded bituminous mix and cement mortar grout. In this study, engineering and strength properties of semi rigid mixtures with three selected gradations are investigated. The flowability, compressive strength and flexural strength are identified to measure the optimum cement mortar grout. Meanwhile for Open graded bituminous mix, volumetric analysis, drain down and cantabro abrasion loss tests are carried out for selected gradations by varying binder content to obtain optimum mixture. Further the compressive strength, flexural strength, stability, tensile strength and durability tests are evaluated for the selected gradations of optimised Semi Rigid mixtures. The results showed that cement mortar grout containing cement to M-Sand ratio of 1:1, water-cement ratio of 0.35 with super plasticizer (polycarboxylic ether polymer) dosage of 0.45% resulted in desired flow of 12 seconds, compressive strength and flexural strength of 27 MPa and 3.5 MPa respectively. The optimum binder contents of Open graded bituminous mix for the selected gradations are found to be in the range of 4.5-5.0%. Furthermore the obtained 4.5% binder content in Semi Rigid mixture have higher engineering and strength properties compared to 5.0% binder content . � Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Open Graded Friction Course is widely used as a surface layer in the flexible pavement which is also termed as porous asphalt or popcorn mix. Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC) mix has various advantages such as increased permeability, noise reduction and enhanced surface friction, mix is mainly comprises of large coarse aggregates, little fine aggregates and maximum percentage of asphalt content which makes mix more expensive. In the present research work an attempt is made to reduce the cost of the mix by using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) by replacing with conventional aggregates with increase percentage of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% with addition PMB 40 and Arbocell fiber as a stabilizing agent to prevent drain down. In order to determine the feasibility of using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in open graded mixes various tests such as indirect tensile test, fatigue test and rutting test is carried out. By conducting test on Air voids, Cantabro test and Drain down the optimum binder content for conventional mix and for mix with RAP is determined. From the test results it is found that 30% of RAP can be replaced with conventional aggregates in open graded mixes. � 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.